{"id":31641,"date":"2026-10-13T08:49:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T00:49:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/?p=31641"},"modified":"2026-10-13T08:58:47","modified_gmt":"2026-10-13T00:58:47","slug":"off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch-inverter-generator-backup-power-selection-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/","title":{"rendered":"Off-Grid Automatic Transfer Switch: Inverter, Generator &#038; Backup Power Selection Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"31641\" class=\"elementor elementor-31641\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c0ce7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87c0ce7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffe1555 elementor-widget 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.p65-decision-value{padding-top:8px;}\r\n\r\n  .leeyee-p65 table{table-layout:auto;}\r\n\r\n  .leeyee-p65 th,\r\n  .leeyee-p65 td{\r\n    padding:10px 8px;\r\n    font-size:13.5px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width:540px){\r\n  .leeyee-p65{\r\n    padding-left:15px;\r\n    padding-right:15px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .leeyee-p65 h2{font-size:25px;}\r\n\r\n  .leeyee-p65 h3{font-size:20px;}\r\n\r\n  .leeyee-p65 .leeyee-about-btn-light{\r\n    width:100%;\r\n    min-height:50px;\r\n    padding:12px 15px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width:430px){\r\n  .leeyee-p65 th,\r\n  .leeyee-p65 td{\r\n    padding:9px 6px;\r\n    font-size:13px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width:390px){\r\n  .leeyee-p65{\r\n    padding-left:12px;\r\n    padding-right:12px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .leeyee-p65 .p65-quick,\r\n  .leeyee-p65 .p65-note,\r\n  .leeyee-p65 .p65-warning,\r\n  .leeyee-p65 .p65-checklist,\r\n  .leeyee-p65 .p65-cta{\r\n    padding:17px 15px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width:360px){\r\n  .leeyee-p65 h2{font-size:24px;}\r\n\r\n  .leeyee-p65 th,\r\n  .leeyee-p65 td{\r\n    padding:8px 5px;\r\n    font-size:12.5px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<article class=\"leeyee-p65\">\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"p65-kicker\">Off-Grid &amp; Backup Power ATS Guide<\/span>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-intro\">\r\n    <p>\r\n      An <strong>off-grid automatic transfer switch<\/strong> is used when one AC load must transfer automatically between two available AC power sources, such as an inverter and generator, an inverter and utility supply, or utility and generator.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      For system integrators, solar EPCs, telecom projects, pumping stations and backup-power cabinet manufacturers, the first question is not simply \u201cWhich ATS size should I buy?\u201d The first question is <strong>which two AC sources must feed the same load, and which device is responsible for controlling each source.<\/strong>\r\n    <\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <section class=\"p65-quick\">\r\n    <div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#quick-answer\" >Quick Answer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#where-does-the-ats-sit-in-an-off-grid-power-system\" >Where Does the ATS Sit in an Off-Grid Power System?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#which-two-ac-sources-need-to-be-switched\" >Which Two AC Sources Need to Be Switched?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#does-the-ats-start-the-generator\" >Does the ATS Start the Generator?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#does-the-inverter-already-have-a-transfer-function\" >Does the Inverter Already Have a Transfer Function?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#why-open-transition-matters\" >Why Open Transition Matters<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#how-should-the-ats-current-rating-be-selected\" >How Should the ATS Current Rating Be Selected?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#2p-or-4p-for-an-off-grid-ats\" >2P or 4P for an Off-Grid ATS?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#what-leeyee-product-fits-this-application\" >What LEEYEE Product Fits This Application?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#where-is-this-compact-ats-a-practical-fit\" >Where Is This Compact ATS a Practical Fit?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#when-is-a-standard-compact-ats-not-enough\" >When Is a Standard Compact ATS Not Enough?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#a-practical-ats-selection-process-for-b2b-projects\" >A Practical ATS Selection Process for B2B Projects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#what-should-you-send-before-ordering\" >What Should You Send Before Ordering?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#off-grid-ats-project-checklist\" >Off-Grid ATS Project Checklist<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#need-to-confirm-the-ats-switching-point\" >Need to Confirm the ATS Switching Point?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#frequently-asked-questions\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"#\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/#references\" >References<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"quick-answer\"><\/span>Quick Answer<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      In a conventional off-grid or backup system, the ATS normally works on the <strong>AC side<\/strong>. The battery remains connected to the inverter or power-conversion system on the DC side. The ATS transfers the downstream load between two compatible AC sources. [1][2]\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      Before selecting the switch, confirm five things: <strong>the two AC sources, system voltage and phase arrangement, maximum transferred load current, pole configuration, and whether the inverter already performs the required transfer function.<\/strong>\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      LEEYEE's standard compact ATS direction is ordinary low-voltage, two-source, open-transition switching. It should not be treated as a complete microgrid controller or a zero-interruption power solution.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <figure>\r\n    <img\r\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/off-grid-inverter-generator-ats-system-diagram.webp\"\r\n      alt=\"Off-grid automatic transfer switch system diagram with battery inverter generator and AC load\"\r\n      loading=\"eager\"\r\n      decoding=\"async\">\r\n    <figcaption>\r\n      Typical off-grid architecture: the battery remains on the DC side of the inverter, while the ATS transfers the AC load between the inverter output and generator output.\r\n    <\/figcaption>\r\n  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"where-does-the-ats-sit-in-an-off-grid-power-system\"><\/span>Where Does the ATS Sit in an Off-Grid Power System?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Separating the DC energy path from the AC transfer path prevents one of the most common specification mistakes.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-table-wrap\">\r\n    <p class=\"p65-table-intro\">\r\n      Focus on the ATS relationship column: it shows which equipment actually forms part of the AC transfer function.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <table>\r\n      <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <th>System Component<\/th>\r\n          <th>Main Function<\/th>\r\n          <th>ATS Relationship<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/thead>\r\n      <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Battery \/ BMS<\/td>\r\n          <td>Stores and manages DC energy<\/td>\r\n          <td>Normally outside the ATS power path<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Charge controller<\/td>\r\n          <td>Controls DC charging<\/td>\r\n          <td>Does not replace the ATS<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Inverter \/ PCS<\/td>\r\n          <td>Converts DC power to AC<\/td>\r\n          <td>Its AC output may be one ATS source<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Generator<\/td>\r\n          <td>Provides alternate AC power<\/td>\r\n          <td>Its AC output may be the second ATS source<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>ATS<\/td>\r\n          <td>Transfers the load between sources<\/td>\r\n          <td>Operates at the defined AC transfer point<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/tbody>\r\n    <\/table>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"p65-table-conclusion\">\r\n    Procurement conclusion: battery voltage, Ah or kWh alone cannot determine the ATS rating. Select the ATS from the AC circuit it actually switches.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-note\">\r\n    <strong>Engineering meaning:<\/strong>\r\n    a standard AC ATS should not be wired directly between a battery and an AC source. The inverter or power-conversion equipment must first create the applicable AC source.\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"which-two-ac-sources-need-to-be-switched\"><\/span>Which Two AC Sources Need to Be Switched?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    IEC 60947-6-1:2026 addresses transfer switching equipment used to transfer a load between power-supply sources. For the compact two-source ATS application discussed here, the practical starting point is therefore simple: <strong>identify Source 1 and Source 2 before selecting the switch.<\/strong> [1]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <figure>\r\n    <img\r\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/off-grid-ats-ac-source-combinations.webp\"\r\n      alt=\"Three common off-grid ATS source combinations for inverter generator and utility power\"\r\n      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n      decoding=\"async\">\r\n    <figcaption>\r\n      Common two-source AC architectures. The inverter, generator and transfer-control logic still need project-specific confirmation.\r\n    <\/figcaption>\r\n  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n  <h3>Inverter + Generator<\/h3>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    This arrangement is relevant to remote sites where an inverter normally supports the load and a generator provides an alternate AC source when longer backup operation is required.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Victron's transfer-switch documentation provides an example of this principle: two AC inputs can be used for combinations such as inverter plus generator, with one output supplying the downstream load. [2]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-decision\">\r\n    <div class=\"p65-decision-row\">\r\n      <div class=\"p65-decision-key\">Source 1<\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"p65-decision-value\">Inverter AC output<\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-decision-row\">\r\n      <div class=\"p65-decision-key\">Source 2<\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"p65-decision-value\">Generator AC output<\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-decision-row\">\r\n      <div class=\"p65-decision-key\">Output<\/div>\r\n      <div class=\"p65-decision-value\">Critical-load or distribution circuit<\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h3>Inverter + Utility<\/h3>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    An inverter output and utility supply can also form the two AC sources. However, an external ATS is not automatically required just because both sources exist.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Some inverter\/chargers include internal AC transfer functionality. Victron, for example, documents MultiPlus-II systems with internal transfer switching as well as a specific external-transfer-switch architecture. [3]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-warning\">\r\n    <strong>Project confirmation required:<\/strong>\r\n    check the exact inverter manual before adding an external ATS. Approved wiring, neutral treatment, source sensing and transfer logic depend on the inverter model and project configuration.\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h3>Utility + Generator<\/h3>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Where utility power is available, the ATS can be used in a conventional normal-source and generator-backup arrangement.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    The switching concept may be straightforward, but generator starting remains a separate control question. The project must define which controller starts the generator and how the system confirms that the alternate source is ready before transfer.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"does-the-ats-start-the-generator\"><\/span>Does the ATS Start the Generator?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    <strong>Not every ATS uses the same generator-start method.<\/strong> A generator normally needs a valid start command and enough time to establish acceptable output before the load is transferred.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Some ATSE systems provide dry-contact generator-start outputs. Schneider Electric's TransferPacT documentation, for example, describes genset control using NO and NC dry contacts in applicable configurations. [4]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    In other systems, the inverter itself may control generator start. Solis documents a model-specific off-grid architecture in which a hybrid inverter uses a two-wire dry-contact connection to start and stop a compatible generator according to configured system conditions. [5]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-warning\">\r\n    <strong>Project confirmation required:<\/strong>\r\n    do not assume the visible Generator marking on the ATS front panel means that every LEEYEE model provides a dedicated generator-start dry contact. Power transfer and generator-start signalling are separate functions. Confirm the exact ATS model, terminal definition and generator controller interface before wiring.\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h3>Confirm these generator-control details before ordering<\/h3>\r\n\r\n  <ul>\r\n    <li>Whether the generator supports remote automatic start.<\/li>\r\n    <li>Whether the start input is dry contact, two-wire start or another interface.<\/li>\r\n    <li>Whether the ATS, inverter or another controller sends the start command.<\/li>\r\n    <li>How source readiness is detected.<\/li>\r\n    <li>Required start, transfer, retransfer and cool-down delays.<\/li>\r\n  <\/ul>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"does-the-inverter-already-have-a-transfer-function\"><\/span>Does the Inverter Already Have a Transfer Function?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    This question should be answered before an external ATS is specified.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Victron's MultiPlus-II external-transfer documentation explains that an external transfer switch can replace the internal AC transfer switch in supported configurations. This is a useful example of why transfer functionality may already exist inside inverter\/charger equipment. [3]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-table-wrap\">\r\n    <table>\r\n      <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <th>Inverter Situation<\/th>\r\n          <th>External ATS Decision<\/th>\r\n          <th>Next Action<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/thead>\r\n      <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Required transfer already handled internally<\/td>\r\n          <td>May not be needed<\/td>\r\n          <td>Follow the inverter manufacturer's approved architecture<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Separate external transfer point required<\/td>\r\n          <td>May be suitable<\/td>\r\n          <td>Review source sensing and control logic<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Independent critical-load circuit<\/td>\r\n          <td>May be suitable<\/td>\r\n          <td>Review the project single-line diagram<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Complex multi-source system<\/td>\r\n          <td>Standard ATS alone is not enough<\/td>\r\n          <td>Use a system-level engineering design<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/tbody>\r\n    <\/table>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"p65-table-conclusion\">\r\n    Procurement conclusion: send the inverter model and single-line diagram before fixing the external ATS configuration.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"why-open-transition-matters\"><\/span>Why Open Transition Matters<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    LEEYEE's standard compact ATS application is based on ordinary <strong>open-transition switching<\/strong>.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Open transition means <strong>break before make<\/strong>: the existing source is disconnected before the alternate source is connected. Eaton and Schneider Electric describe open-transition ATS operation using this break-before-make principle. [6][7]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    This avoids intentional paralleling of the two sources during a normal transfer, but the load experiences an interruption while the transfer occurs. [6][7]\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-table-wrap\">\r\n    <table>\r\n      <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <th>Load Type<\/th>\r\n          <th>What to Confirm<\/th>\r\n          <th>Why It Matters<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/thead>\r\n      <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Pump \/ motor<\/td>\r\n          <td>Starting and restart behaviour<\/td>\r\n          <td>Restart current can affect source and switch selection<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Compressor<\/td>\r\n          <td>Permitted restart delay<\/td>\r\n          <td>Immediate restart may not be acceptable<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>PLC \/ control circuit<\/td>\r\n          <td>Hold-up time<\/td>\r\n          <td>A transfer interruption may reset controls<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Telecom \/ IT load<\/td>\r\n          <td>Required continuity<\/td>\r\n          <td>UPS or inverter ride-through may still be necessary<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/tbody>\r\n    <\/table>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-buyer-meaning\">\r\n    <strong>Buyer meaning:<\/strong>\r\n    an ATS selects between sources. A UPS or inverter ride-through function solves a different problem: maintaining load continuity through an interruption.\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"how-should-the-ats-current-rating-be-selected\"><\/span>How Should the ATS Current Rating Be Selected?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Start with the <strong>maximum design current of the AC load that actually passes through the ATS<\/strong>. Do not size the ATS directly from battery capacity.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <h3>Single-phase initial current estimate<\/h3>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-formula\">\r\n    Current \u2248 Active power \u00f7 (AC voltage \u00d7 power factor)\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h3>Three-phase initial current estimate<\/h3>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-formula\">\r\n    Current \u2248 Active power \u00f7 (\u221a3 \u00d7 line voltage \u00d7 power factor)\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    These equations provide only an initial load-current estimate. Final selection must also consider the load type, applicable utilisation category, starting or inrush current, upstream protection, conductor rating, fault conditions and the manufacturer's declared ATS ratings.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-warning\">\r\n    <strong>Common procurement mistake:<\/strong>\r\n    do not choose the ATS only from the generator kW rating or inverter kW rating. Confirm the actual maximum current through the transfer switch and the behaviour of the downstream load.\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2p-or-4p-for-an-off-grid-ats\"><\/span>2P or 4P for an Off-Grid ATS?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    Pole selection depends on the actual source and neutral arrangement, not only on whether the system is described as single-phase or three-phase.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <figure>\r\n    <img\r\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/2p-vs-4p-off-grid-ats-selection.webp\"\r\n      alt=\"2P vs 4P automatic transfer switch selection for single-phase and three-phase backup systems\"\r\n      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n      decoding=\"async\">\r\n    <figcaption>\r\n      2P and 4P are common configurations, but the final neutral-switching decision must follow the project earthing arrangement, source configuration and approved single-line diagram.\r\n    <\/figcaption>\r\n  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-table-wrap\">\r\n    <table>\r\n      <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <th>Typical Circuit<\/th>\r\n          <th>Common Configuration<\/th>\r\n          <th>Must Be Confirmed<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/thead>\r\n      <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Single-phase L + N<\/td>\r\n          <td>2P may be used<\/td>\r\n          <td>Whether neutral must be switched<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Three-phase L1 + L2 + L3 + N<\/td>\r\n          <td>4P may be used<\/td>\r\n          <td>Neutral and earthing arrangement<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/tbody>\r\n    <\/table>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"p65-table-conclusion\">\r\n    Procurement conclusion: provide the source configuration, neutral arrangement and earthing information before fixing 2P or 4P.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-warning\">\r\n    <strong>Project confirmation required:<\/strong>\r\n    neutral switching is an engineering decision. Do not apply a generic 2P or 4P rule to every installation, and do not route the protective earth conductor through the ATS.\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-leeyee-product-fits-this-application\"><\/span>What LEEYEE Product Fits This Application?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    The product shown below is the actual compact LEEYEE ATS form relevant to this page. The image shows <strong>ATS-2P63 and ATS-4P63<\/strong> versions with A and B source terminals, Auto \/ Manual control, status indication and a load output marked \u201cCARGA.\u201d\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <figure class=\"p65-product-photo\">\r\n    <img\r\n      src=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/2.png\"\r\n      alt=\"LEEYEE ATS-2P63 and ATS-4P63 compact automatic transfer switches with A and B power inputs\"\r\n      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n      decoding=\"async\">\r\n    <figcaption>\r\n      Actual LEEYEE ATS-2P63 and ATS-4P63 product appearance. The compact front-panel design provides A\/B source identification, Auto\/Manual operation and load-side terminals for low-voltage two-source transfer applications.\r\n    <\/figcaption>\r\n  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-product-evidence\">\r\n    <p>\r\n      <strong>What can be confirmed from the product:<\/strong>\r\n      the product is a compact integrated two-source ATS. Both versions visibly use A and B source identification and provide Auto \/ Manual operation. The photographed 4P version also carries Generator and Grid application markings.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      <strong>What the photo does not prove by itself:<\/strong>\r\n      the exact rated voltage, utilisation category, transfer time, generator-start output, short-circuit coordination or suitability for a specific inverter architecture. These points must be confirmed from the applicable product datasheet and project documents.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    This product format is well matched to the scope of this guide: <strong>ordinary low-voltage AC transfer between two defined power sources<\/strong> in compact distribution and backup-power applications.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    It should not be presented as a large cabinet-type ATS, bypass-isolation system, closed-transition system or complete microgrid controller.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"where-is-this-compact-ats-a-practical-fit\"><\/span>Where Is This Compact ATS a Practical Fit?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    The strongest applications are engineered backup systems where two clearly defined AC sources feed one defined load group.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-table-wrap\">\r\n    <table>\r\n      <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <th>B2B Application<\/th>\r\n          <th>Possible Source Pair<\/th>\r\n          <th>Main Selection Check<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/thead>\r\n      <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Remote telecom cabinet<\/td>\r\n          <td>Inverter + generator<\/td>\r\n          <td>Control continuity and generator logic<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Farm or irrigation panel<\/td>\r\n          <td>Inverter\/utility + generator<\/td>\r\n          <td>Pump starting current and restart sequence<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Remote monitoring station<\/td>\r\n          <td>Inverter + backup AC source<\/td>\r\n          <td>Control-equipment ride-through<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Commercial backup cabinet<\/td>\r\n          <td>Utility + generator<\/td>\r\n          <td>Load current, poles and source control<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n        <tr>\r\n          <td>Solar EPC auxiliary panel<\/td>\r\n          <td>Inverter output + alternate AC source<\/td>\r\n          <td>Existing inverter transfer functionality<\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n      <\/tbody>\r\n    <\/table>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <p class=\"p65-table-conclusion\">\r\n    Procurement conclusion: the application name matters less than the actual two-source AC architecture and transferred load.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"when-is-a-standard-compact-ats-not-enough\"><\/span>When Is a Standard Compact ATS Not Enough?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <p>\r\n    A standard two-source open-transition ATS should not be stretched into functions that belong to a larger power-management system.\r\n  <\/p>\r\n\r\n  <p>Additional engineering is required when the project needs:<\/p>\r\n\r\n  <ul>\r\n    <li>more than two independently managed power sources;<\/li>\r\n    <li>intentional source paralleling;<\/li>\r\n    <li>closed-transition transfer;<\/li>\r\n    <li>multi-level load shedding;<\/li>\r\n    <li>complex battery dispatch or microgrid power-flow control;<\/li>\r\n    <li>zero-interruption transfer for critical equipment.<\/li>\r\n  <\/ul>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-note\">\r\n    <strong>Simple screening rule:<\/strong>\r\n    if the single-line diagram cannot be clearly reduced to two defined AC sources feeding one transfer point and one downstream load path, send the complete architecture for engineering review before choosing a standard compact ATS.\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"a-practical-ats-selection-process-for-b2b-projects\"><\/span>A Practical ATS Selection Process for B2B Projects<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-steps\">\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-step\">\r\n      <strong>Identify Source 1 and Source 2.<\/strong>\r\n      Confirm whether they are inverter AC, utility AC or generator AC.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-step\">\r\n      <strong>Check whether the inverter already handles the transfer.<\/strong>\r\n      Use the exact inverter manual rather than assuming an external ATS is necessary.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-step\">\r\n      <strong>Confirm voltage, frequency and phase configuration.<\/strong>\r\n      The two sources and the ATS must be suitable for the intended AC system.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-step\">\r\n      <strong>Calculate the transferred load current.<\/strong>\r\n      Then check motor starting, compressor restart or other high-inrush loads separately.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-step\">\r\n      <strong>Decide the required pole arrangement.<\/strong>\r\n      Confirm whether the neutral must transfer and review the earthing design.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-step\">\r\n      <strong>Define generator-start responsibility.<\/strong>\r\n      Confirm whether the ATS, inverter or another controller sends the start command.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-step\">\r\n      <strong>Check whether open transition is acceptable.<\/strong>\r\n      Identify any load that cannot tolerate a transfer interruption.\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"what-should-you-send-before-ordering\"><\/span>What Should You Send Before Ordering?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <section class=\"p65-checklist\">\r\n    <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"off-grid-ats-project-checklist\"><\/span>Off-Grid ATS Project Checklist<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n    <ol>\r\n      <li><strong>Single-line diagram:<\/strong> show the inverter, generator, utility connection and transferred load.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Source 1 and Source 2:<\/strong> identify the two AC supplies connected to the ATS.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>System voltage and frequency:<\/strong> provide the real project values.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Phase arrangement:<\/strong> confirm single-phase or three-phase.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Neutral arrangement:<\/strong> state whether the project requires neutral switching.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Maximum transferred current:<\/strong> include significant motor, pump or compressor loads.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Inverter manufacturer and model:<\/strong> provide the manual or relevant wiring page if possible.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Generator controller:<\/strong> specify the required remote-start interface.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Permitted transfer interruption:<\/strong> identify loads requiring ride-through or UPS support.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>Protection information:<\/strong> provide upstream protective-device and fault-current information where required.<\/li>\r\n      <li><strong>OEM requirements:<\/strong> provide quantity, label, packaging and documentation requirements.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ol>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <section class=\"p65-cta\">\r\n    <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"need-to-confirm-the-ats-switching-point\"><\/span>Need to Confirm the ATS Switching Point?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      Send LEEYEE your single-line diagram, inverter model, generator control method, system voltage, phase arrangement, neutral requirement and maximum load current.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      We can help confirm whether the intended switching point is suitable for a standard compact open-transition ATS and which project details still require verification.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <button type=\"button\"\r\n            class=\"leeyee-about-btn-light leeyee-site-popup-btn\"\r\n            aria-label=\"Send Your System Details for Review\">\r\n      <span class=\"w-btn-label\">Send Your System Details for Review<\/span>\r\n    <\/button>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n  <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"frequently-asked-questions\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"p65-faq\">\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>Can an ATS switch between an inverter and a generator?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        Yes. An inverter AC output and generator AC output can form the two sources of a suitable transfer-switch architecture. However, the inverter documentation must first be checked because some inverter\/chargers already contain transfer functionality or require a specific external-switch arrangement. [2][3]\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>Can the battery connect directly to the ATS?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        Not in the ordinary AC architecture discussed on this page. The battery normally remains on the DC side of the inverter or PCS, while the ATS transfers compatible AC sources on the AC side.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>Do I need an external ATS if my inverter already has transfer switching?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        Not necessarily. Follow the inverter manufacturer's approved architecture. An additional ATS should only be introduced when the project requires a separate transfer point and the control and wiring arrangement supports it. [3]\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>Can the ATS automatically start the generator?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        It depends on the exact ATS and controller configuration. A Generator marking on the front panel does not by itself prove that the product provides a dedicated generator-start dry contact. Confirm the terminal definition and generator controller interface before ordering or wiring. [4][5]\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>Does an open-transition ATS provide uninterrupted power?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        No. Open transition uses break-before-make operation, so the first source is disconnected before the second source is connected. Loads requiring uninterrupted supply may need UPS or inverter ride-through capability. [6][7]\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>What size ATS do I need for a 10 kW inverter?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        Inverter power alone is not enough to select the ATS. Convert the actual AC load into current using the project voltage, phase arrangement and power factor, then check load characteristics, inrush and the manufacturer's declared switch ratings.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>Should an off-grid system use a 2P or 4P ATS?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        It depends on the phase, neutral and earthing arrangement. LEEYEE's photographed product family includes ATS-2P63 and ATS-4P63 versions, but the final pole configuration must still follow the actual project wiring and neutral-switching requirement.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"p65-faq-item\">\r\n      <h3>Can one compact ATS control grid, generator, inverter and battery as four sources?<\/h3>\r\n      <p>\r\n        No. The compact product discussed here should be treated as a two-source AC transfer device, not as a complete multi-source microgrid controller.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <section class=\"p65-references\">\r\n    <h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"references\"><\/span>References<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\r\n\r\n    <ol>\r\n      <li>\r\n        IEC. <em>IEC 60947-6-1:2026 \u2014 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear \u2014 Part 6-1: Multiple function equipment \u2014 Transfer switching equipment.<\/em>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/webstore.iec.ch\/en\/publication\/90494\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IEC official publication page<\/a>.\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        Victron Energy. <em>VE Transfer Switch \u2014 Introduction.<\/em>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/media\/pg\/VE_Transfer_Switch\/en\/introduction.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victron official documentation<\/a>.\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        Victron Energy. <em>MultiPlus-II External Transfer Switch Application \u2014 Functionality.<\/em>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/media\/pg\/MultiPlus-II_External_Transfer_Switch_application\/en\/functionality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Victron official application documentation<\/a>.\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        Schneider Electric. <em>TransferPacT Active Automatic and Automatic User Guide \u2014 Genset Start and Alarm.<\/em>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/productinfo.se.com\/transferpactactiveautomaticandautomaticuserguide\/transferpact-active-automatic-and-automatic-user-guide\/English\/TransferPacT%20Automatic%20Transfer%20Switching%20Equipment%20%28ASTE%29%20User%20Guide_0000608024.xml\/%24\/GensetStartWithCapacitorAndAlarm-9DD02A80\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schneider Electric official documentation<\/a>.\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        Solis North America. <em>Integrating a Generator with Solis HV Hybrid.<\/em>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/usservice.solisinverters.com\/support\/solutions\/articles\/73000661816-integrating-a-generator-with-solis-hv-hybrid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Solis official technical guidance<\/a>.\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        Eaton. <em>Automatic Transfer Switches Fundamentals.<\/em>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eaton.com\/my\/en-us\/products\/low-voltage-power-distribution-control-systems\/automatic-transfer-switches\/automatic-transfer-switch-fundamentals.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eaton official technical guidance<\/a>.\r\n      <\/li>\r\n\r\n      <li>\r\n        Schneider Electric. <em>What Are the Different ASCO ATS Transition Modes?<\/em>\r\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/www.se.com\/us\/en\/faqs\/FAQ000219583\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Schneider Electric official FAQ<\/a>.\r\n      <\/li>\r\n    <\/ol>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n<\/article>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\ndocument.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {\r\n  var aboutPopupButtons = document.querySelectorAll('.leeyee-site-popup-btn');\r\n\r\n  aboutPopupButtons.forEach(function (button) {\r\n    button.addEventListener('click', function () {\r\n      var realPopupTrigger = document.querySelector(\r\n        '.w-popup.ush_popup_1 .w-popup-trigger'\r\n      );\r\n\r\n      if (realPopupTrigger) {\r\n        realPopupTrigger.click();\r\n      } else {\r\n        window.open(\r\n          'https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/contact\/',\r\n          '_blank',\r\n          'noopener'\r\n        );\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n});\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Off-Grid &amp; Backup Power ATS GuideAn off-grid automatic transfer switch is used when one AC load must transfer automatically between two available AC power sources, such as an inverter and generator, an inverter and utility supply, or utility and generator. For system integrators, solar EPCs, telecom projects, pumping stations and backup-power cabinet manufacturers, the first&#8230;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[490,1,422],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31641","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-isolator-switching","category-news","category-industry-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Off-Grid Automatic Transfer Switch for Inverter &amp; Generator | LEEYEE<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn how to select an off-grid automatic transfer switch for inverter, generator and backup AC systems, including source architecture, open transition, current sizing and 2P vs 4P selection.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"it_IT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Off-Grid Automatic Transfer Switch for Inverter &amp; Generator | LEEYEE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Learn how to select an off-grid automatic transfer switch for inverter, generator and backup AC systems, including source architecture, open transition, current sizing and 2P vs 4P selection.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/it\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Surge Protector, Surge Arrestor, Isolating Switch - LEEYEE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2026-10-13T00:49:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-13T00:58:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.cnspd.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/off-grid-inverter-generator-ats-system-diagram.webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Devin Ling\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Scritto da\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Devin Ling\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Tempo di lettura stimato\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"12 minuti\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cnspd.com\\\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cnspd.com\\\/off-grid-automatic-transfer-switch\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Devin Ling\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.cnspd.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/f49dbafe62c5b47100ad2d9f88af92d3\"},\"headline\":\"Off-Grid Automatic Transfer Switch: Inverter, Generator &#038; 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