Technical Guides

Railway signalling systems connect interlocking rooms, relay rooms, lineside cabinets and exposed trackside equipment through long power, control and communication cables. These conductive routes can carry lightning-induced surges, switching transients…

Solar monitoring surge protection must cover more than the PV AC and DC power circuits. A surge can also enter through an inverter communication port, an RS485 bus, an outdoor…

An access control system can contain AC power, low-voltage DC power, Wiegand reader wiring, OSDP or RS-485 communication, monitored inputs, electric-lock outputs, Ethernet and PoE. These circuits do not share…

Fire alarm systems combine an AC power supply, low-voltage power circuits, supervised alarm loops, communication interfaces and remote field devices. A surge can reach the control equipment through any exposed…

HVAC control panel surge protection is not limited to installing one AC surge protective device at the panel incomer. A commercial or industrial HVAC cabinet may connect three-phase power, 24V…

Municipal and Industrial Electrical Protection Guide Water treatment plant surge protection cannot stop at one AC surge protective device installed in the main switchboard. Transient overvoltage can also enter through…

A wind turbine combines an exposed rotor, a conductive tower, long internal cables, high-power conversion equipment and sensitive control electronics. Effective wind turbine surge protection must therefore cover more than…

PV Combiner Box Protection and BOM Guide A PV combiner box fuse holder and a surge protective device may sit next to each other inside the same enclosure, but they…

Type 1, Type 2 and Type 3 are not three quality grades. They describe different SPD test duties and installation roles. A coordinated surge protection system must decide where each…

An outdoor CCTV pole is not only a camera support. It may connect a PoE cable, AC or DC power, BNC video, RS485 control wiring, a metal enclosure and a…