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Railway signalling systems connect interlocking rooms, relay rooms, lineside cabinets and exposed trackside equipment through long power, control and communication cables. These conductive routes can carry lightning-induced surges, switching transients…

Solar monitoring surge protection must cover more than the PV AC and DC power circuits. A surge can also enter through an inverter communication port, an RS485 bus, an outdoor…

An access control system can contain AC power, low-voltage DC power, Wiegand reader wiring, OSDP or RS-485 communication, monitored inputs, electric-lock outputs, Ethernet and PoE. These circuits do not share…

Fire alarm systems combine an AC power supply, low-voltage power circuits, supervised alarm loops, communication interfaces and remote field devices. A surge can reach the control equipment through any exposed…